The global biodiversity and climate change crises are inter-linked and must be addressed together. As governments negotiate the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, there is strong and growing global support for effectively protecting and conserving at least 30% of the earth’s land, sea and freshwater ecosystems by 2030, as a key requirement for halting and beginning to reverse biodiversity loss, as well as contributing to addressing the climate crisis. Achieving this 30% target by 2030 must be addressed in the context of recognising the rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, and combined with applying effective sustainability measures across the remaining 70% of the planet. This session will discuss these challenges focussing on the critical role of protected and conserved areas under diverse governance and management regimes.